Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, known to her followers as "HPB", was co-founder with Colonel Henry Steele Olcott of the Theosophical Society, a genteel and pretentious cult of the nineteenth century that survives today in several insignificant splinter-groups. Quite a dynamic and colorful figure in her day, Madame Blavatsky managed to synthesize an occult metaphysics that has fueled the imagination of generations of those who, in Ouspensky's phrase, are "in search of the miraculous". But our interest in her stems from a rather different agenda. As Lin Carter notes, "Madame Blavatsky is really quite an important personage in the history of fantasy. In the course of two interminable and all but unreadable tomes of spurious occult lore --- Isis Unveiled and The Secret Doctrine --- she codified fugitive and unattached morsels of legend, theory and nonsense into a systematic prehistory of the world" including a superbly "gaudy cosmology". "This system, percolating down through sensational popularizations and Sunday supplement articles, was adopted lock, stock and barrel by writers for the fantasy pulp magazines, who are thus greatly in her debt." (Preface to Clark Ashton Smith, Poseidonis, p. 3.)
Fritz Leiber ("John Carter: Sword of Theosophy", in DeCamp (ed. ), The Spell of Conan) traces HPB's influence on Edgar Rice Burroughs, and Lin Carter names H. P. Lovecraft as another of her debtors. Robert Turner (writing in The Necronomicon, The Book of Dead Names, pp. 66-67) also discerns theosophical currents in Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. HPL certainly did borrow from HPB, but to our knowledge, no one has yet demonstrated the real extent of that influence. In the present article, we will show that several obscure passages in Lovecraft's work can be elucidated by reference to the lore of Theosophy. Encountering Theosophy In his book Occult Philosophy, Marc Edmund Jones comments with some irony that despite Lovecraft's total disbelief in the occult, "His Cthulhu mythology is a complete and thoroughly rounded out job of invention, actually much more convincing than Leadbeater and Besant's presumably literal account of remote things in Man, Whence, How and Whither" (p. 89). He makes reference to Charles G. Leadbeater and Annie Besant, two of the principal leaders of Theosophy after Madame Blavatsky's death. Jones's statement is all the more ironic since HPL's "Cthulhu mythology" may be shown to derive, at least in some details, from the self-same Theosophical system.
In a letter to Clark Ashton Smith, Lovecraft reveals his acquaintance with Theosophy. "I've . . . been digesting something of vast interest as background or source material --- . . . i.e., the Atlantis-Lemuria tales, as developed by modern occultists & the[o]sophical charlatans. . . . What I have read is The Story of Atlantis and the Lost Lemuria, by Scott Elliott [sic]" (Selected Letters, vol. II, p. 58). Writing to Willis Conover, Lovecraft is even more frank. "The crap of the theosophists, which falls into the class of conscious fakery, is interesting in spots" (Lovecraft at Last, p. 33).
However, it appears that Lovecraft's explicit familiarity with Theosophy was somewhat limited. In a second letter to Smith, he mentions several new (Theosophical) mythologoumena and bemoans his ignorance of their source.
[E. Hoffmann] Price has dug up another cycle of actual folklore involving an allegedly primordial thing called The Book of Dzyan, which is supposed to contain all sorts of secrets of the Elder World before the sinking of . . . Atlantis . . . and . . . Lemuria. . . . It is kept at the Holy City of Shamballah, and is regarded as the oldest book in the world --- its language being Senzar (ancestor of Sanscrit), which was brought to earth 18,000,000 years ago by the Lords of Venus. I don't know where E. Hoffmann got hold of this stuff, but it sounds damn good" (Selected Letters, vol. IV, p. 155).
If he didn't know the origin of this material, at least he suspected, and correctly. In a letter to Price, he asks of this legend cycle, "What --- if any --- special cult (like the theosophists, who have concocted a picturesque tradition of Atlantean-Lemurian elder world stuff) . . . cherishes it?" (Selected Letters, vol. IV, p. 153) In a disarmingly frank statement, which we may suspect was intended as a knowing "wink" to the reader, Blavatsky herself had declared, "The reader is . . . invited to regard all that which follows as a fairy tale, if he likes. . . ." (An Abridgement of 'The Secret Doctrine', p. 17.) Lovecraft, in effect, accepted this invitation. The Book of Dzyan In many of his tales, Lovecraft has a protagonist stumble upon a secret cache of musty occult books, among which are usually to be found, The Book of Eibon, Prinn's De Vermis Mysteriis, D'erlette's Cultes de Goules, Von Junzt's Unaussprechlichen Kulten, and of course the Necronomicon of Abdul Alhazred. Occasionally, there are substitutions or additions to this checklist. One such optional item is The Book of Dzyan. In "The Haunter of the Dark" Robert Blake finds a copy among the books in the Starry Wisdom library.
They were the black, forbidden things which most sane people have never even heard of, or have heard of only in furtive, timorous whispers; the banned and dreaded repositories of equivocal secrets and immemorial formulae which have trickled down the stream of time from the days of man's youth, and the dim, fabulous days before man was.
The "big five" are listed. "But there were others he had known merely by reputation or not at all --- the Pnakotic Manuscripts, the Book of Dzyan. . . ." In "The Diary of Alonzo Typer", said diarist recounts how "I learned of The Book of Dzyan, whose first six chapters antedate the Earth. . . . " Lovecraft's successors continued to use the book in this kind of setting. In The Lurker at the Threshold, Derleth's narrator recalls that "I dipped into [the] strange and terrible pages" of the usual Mythos grimoires, plus "the Book of Dzyan, the Dhol Chants, and the Seven Cryptical Books of Hsan. I read of terrible and blasphemous cults of ancient, pre-human eras. . . ."
What was this Book of Dzyan? Could it live up to the shudder some reputation thus established for it? On the very first page of The Secret Doctrine, Blavatsky describes it as "An ancient manuscript --- a collection of palm leaves made impermeable to water, fire, and air, by some specific unknown process. . . . " (p. 1.) The name itself, "Dzyan", seems to represent the Sanskrit dhyana ("meditation"), the root of the Chinese Ch'an and the Japanese Zen. As DeCamp says, it is pronounced something like "John". Furthermore,
Tradition says that it was taken down in Senzar, the secret sacerdotal tongue, from the words of the Divine Beings, who dictated it to the sons of Light, in Central Asia, at the very beginning of the [human] race. . . . The old book, having described Cosmic Evolution and explained the origin of everything on earth, including physical man, . . . goes no further. It stops short . . . just about 4989 years ago. . . . (The Secret Doctrine, vol. 1, p. xliii)
More about these "Divine Beings" and "sons of Light" presently, but for now suffice it to note the close parallel between Lovecraft's reference to Dzyan in one of his letters quoted above, and this quote from The Secret Doctrine. Apparently, Price had quoted this text pretty much verbatim, as did HPL when he in turn related the material to Smith.
In fact, no such book exists. Or, one might better say, it is a pseudepigraph. Interested readers may obtain a copy of the text for themselves, but its origin is considerably more recent than that claimed for it by Madame Blavatsky. DeCamp points out the dependence of part of Dzyan on the Rig Veda's "Hymn of Creation" (Lost Continents, p. 60). Rene Guenon traces it to fragments of the Kanjur and Tanjur texts of Tibet (Robert S. Ellwood, Jr., Religious and Spiritual Groups in Modern America, p. 129). Finally, Gershorn G. Scholem makes a good case for the origin of Dzyan being an Aramaic kabbalistic text, the Sifra Di-Tseniutha, to which Blavatsky actually referred, transliterating its title as "Sifra Dzeniuta", a form even closer to "Dzyan" (Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, pp. 398-399).
The resultant Book of Dzyan or Stanzas of Dzyan (HPB used both titles interchangeably) was the core of the encyclopedic work The Secret Doctrine. The latter, in fact, purports to be but a massive commentary on the former. And though it is there made the centerpiece of a confusing jungle of obtuse speculation, the allegedly primordial text could hardly have accounted for the flabbergasted trauma of Alonzo Typer: "what I read will cloud and make horrible whatever period of life lies ahead of me." Shamballah In the letter quoted above, Lovecraft refers to "the Holy City of Shamballah". Despite his manifest enthusiasm for "that Dzyan-Shamballah stuff", the mythical city appears but once in his fiction. We must refer again to "The Diary of Alonzo Typer", where the narrator recounts: "I learned of the city Shamballah, built by the Lemurians fifty million years ago, yet inviolate still behind its walls of psychic force in the eastern desert." The business about the Lemurians represents creative license, but the rest of the passage does stem from theosophical beliefs about the lost city.
Shamballah, the prototype for the fictional "Shangri-La", was believed by Theosophists to be "the spiritual center of the world and the original source of the secret doctrines of Theosophy" (Edwin Bernbaum, The Way to Shambhala, p. 20). Certain highly advanced "Masters" or "Mahatmas" (notably the Tibetan supermen Kuthumi and Morya El), from whom Blavatsky, A. P. Sinnett, and other early Theosophists claimed to receive telepathic revelations, were believed to dwell there. Surely these Masters supplied the prototype for "the undying leaders of the [Cthulhu] cult in the mountains of China", mentioned in "The Call of Cthulhu" just a line or two before an explicit reference to "the speculations of theosophists". According to indigenous Tibetan legend, Shamballah is a hidden, ageless kingdom surrounded by a ring of impenetrable mountain peaks. It is ruled by a line of righteous philosopher-kings who preserve Buddhist culture and doctrine against the day when the outside world will have sunk completely into the mire of warfare and materialism. At this time, a messianic king will lead his army forth from the hidden city to destroy the wicked and establish a golden age (Bernbaum, p. 4).
Tibetans believe that Shamballah is somewhere north of Tibet, in the Kunlun Mountains, or in Mongolia, the Sinkiang Province of China, or Siberia. Others suggest the North Pole or even another planet! Historians and mythographers, on the other hand, have suggested that if the legend has any basis, Shamballah may correspond to the Tarim Basin, West Turkestan, the ancient Kushan Empire, the Greek Kingdom of Bactria, theYarkand, Kashgar, or Khotan oases, or, finally, the old Uighur Kingdom of Khocho [= "Tcho-tcho"?] in the Turfan Depression beneath the Tien Shan Mountains (Bernbaum, p. 46). Probably the most attractive guess, however, is that of Idries Shah, who believes that "it could be derived from Shams-i-Balkh, the Bactrian Sun Temple, the ruins of which can still be seen at Balkh near the northern frontier of Afghanistan" (J. G. Bennett, Gurdjieff: Making a New World, p. 26).
What of HPL's reference to "inviolate . . . walls of psychic force"? Shamballah is often represented in Tibetan Buddhist lore as a symbol for the object of spiritual quest, like "the Celestial City" in Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress. Those who are unworthy can never find their way to Shamballah. To them, the city will remain invisible because their bad karma will "have created illusions that obscure [their] vision and prevent them from recognizing or seeing the Kingdom" (Bernbaum, p. 39). Lovecraft apparently had something like this in mind.
Incidentally, quests for Shamballah were not restricted to the realm of legend. Artist and occultist Nicholas Roerich, to whose "strange and disturbing Asian paintings" HPL refers in At the Mountains of Madness, undertook the journey in 1934. But he returned home empty handed. Even though Roerich had founded his own theosophical cult, the Roerich Foundation, he mustn't have had the spiritual wherewithal needed to penetrate that karmic curtain. The Lords of Venus In the same context with The Book of Dzyan and the lost city of Shamballah, Lovecraft makes an enigmatic reference to "the Lords of Venus". ("I'm quite on edge about that Dzyan-Shamballah stuff. The cosmic scope of it --- Lords of Venus, and all that --- sounds so especially and emphatically in my line!") (Selected Letters, vol. IV, p. 153.) In the letter to Smith, he says the Senzar language, in which Dzyan was written, "was brought to earth . . . by the Lords of Venus." In "The Diary of Alonzo Typer", he says that The Book of Dzyan "was old when the lords of Venus came through space in their ships to civilize our planet." Finally, in "Through the Gates of the Silver Key" (rewritten from "Lord of Illusions" by E. Hoffmann Price, who "turned him on" to "that Dzyan-Shamballah stuff" to begin with), we read that "The Children of the Fire Mist came to Earth to teach the Elder Lore to man." These "children of the Fire Mist" correspond to the "Lords of Venus", but all this is going to take a bit of explaining.
The basic cosmological doctrine of Theosophy is that universal history may be divided into an infinite series of manvantaras, or cosmic-evolutionary aeons, separated by pralayas, or age-long periods of dormancy. At the start of each manvantara, Being-itself (Brahman), symbolized as Primordial Fire, begins to differentiate itself into individual beings. The first of these are seven solar deities, also called "Sons of the Fire Mist" because of their immediate derivation from it. (Secret Doctrine, vol. 1, p. 86.) The term also refers to "a group of semi-divine and semi-human beings" who incarnate these mighty entities on earth. They "become, from the first awakening of human consciousness, the guides of early Humanity. It is through these 'Sons of God' that infant humanity got its first notions of all the arts and sciences, as well as of spiritual knowledge" (Ibid., pp. 207,208). "It was they who imparted Nature's most weird secrets to men, and revealed to them the ineffable, and now lost 'word'" (Secret Doctrine, vol. 2, p. 220). This last is undoubtedly the "Elder Lore" mentioned by Lovecraft.
But where is the connection to Venus? In Scott-Elliot's The Story of Atlantis and the Lost Lemuria, the author, an orthodox Theosophist, explains that these primeval guides of humanity came to earth from Venus, whose cycle of evolution was advanced beyond that of earth. In fact, humanoid life on earth (on Lemuria, to be exact) was barely sentient. The Venusian Lords of the Fire Mist educated humanity in the first instance by psychically occupying their bodies and, as it were, "getting them used to" housing real intelligence, which they would then begin to develop on their own, by a kind of metaphysical Lamarckianism. How could the Venusians do this? They were "endowed with the stupendous powers of transferring their consciousness from the planet Venus to this our earth" (Scott-Elliot, p. 107). The "space-ships", then, are an addition by Lovecraft, since Theosophy's Venusians had no need of them.
If HPL did not retain Scott-Elliot's idea of mind-projection across space in connection with his "Lords of Venus", he did make use of the notion elsewhere. The Great Race of Yith in "The Shadow Out of Time" had projected their minds across time and space to inhabit the cone-shaped monstrosities of prehistoric Australia, much as the Theoaophical Venusians had incarnated themselves in the equally repugnant Lemurians. We may strongly suspect that the whole idea of the former was derived from the latter. In one letter, Lovecraft remarked, "Some of these hints about . . . the shapeless monsters of archaic Lemuria are ineffably pregnant with fantastic suggestion. . . ." Whence these hints? "What I have read is The Story of Atlantis and the Lost Lemuria. . . ." Specifically, Lovecraft must have had in mind Scott-Elliot's reference on p. 87: "Somewhat before the middle of the Lemurian period . . . the gigantic gelatinous body began slowly to solidify. . . ." So "The Shadow Out of Time"'s idea of advanced intellects from outer space teleporting to earth to inhabit primitive, gigantic, rubbery bodies seems to stem from HPL's reading of Scott-Elliot. He even supplies a fairly clear hint in this direction in that very story. As the narrator pours over ancient texts in order to reconstruct the history of the Great Race, he notices that "A few of the myths had significant connections with other cloudy legends of the prehuman world, especially those Hindu tales involving stupefying gulfs of time and forming part of the lore of modern theosophists."
From the Theosophists, too, Lovecraft seems to have derived his ubiquitous references to "cyclopean" ruins, denoting the past dominance of gigantic alien races, such as those just described. In "Out of the Eons", a "gigantic fortress of Cyclopean stone" is attributed to "the alien spawn of the dark planet Yuggoth, which had colonized the earth before the birth of terrestrial life." In "The Call of Cthulhu", Wilcox dreams of "the damp Cyclopean city of slimy green stone. . . . The size of the Old Ones [who built the city of R'lyeh], he curiously declined to mention." In The Dream Quest of Unknown Kadath, Randolph Carter wonders at "the vast clay-brick ruins of a primal city whose name is not remembered." He "did not like the size and shape of the ruins. . . . And what the structure and proportions of the olden worshippers could have been, Carter steadily refused to conjecture."
The Theosophists were not so reticent as Wilcox and Carter, however. Madame Blavatsky declares that "cyclopean ruins and colossal stones [are] witnesses to giants. . . . We say that most of these stones are the relics of the last Atlanteans" (Secret Doctrine, vol. 2, p. 341).
Scott-Elliot attributes them to the earlier Lemurians: "They learned to build great cities. These appear to have been of cyclopean architecture, corresponding with the gigantic bodies of the race" (The Story of Atlantis and the Lost Lemuria, p. 101). They were between twelve and fifteen feet tall. Versus Theosophy Up to now we have treated Theosophy only as a source of raw materials used by Lovecraft in his fiction. But occasional references to Theosophy per se imply that he used the cult itself as an image of some kind. We will conclude our consideration of "Lovecraft's use of Theosophy" with a brief survey of four such quotes. In "The Call of Cthulhu", the well-traveled sailor Castro tells what he knows of Cthulhu and the Old Ones. His story "savored of the wildest dreams of myth-maker and theosophist, and disclosed an astonishing degree of cosmic imagination. . . ." In the same story, the narrator describes a file full of data that will eventually disclose the truth about Cthulhu. "The other manuscript papers were all brief notes . . . some of them citations from theosophical books and magazines (notably W. Scott-Elliott's [sic] Atlantis and the Lost Lemuria). . . ." In "Out of the Eons", an eccentric curator is described in these terms: "A smattering of theosophical lore . . . made Reynolds especially alert toward any eonian relic like the unknown mummy."
In all these instances, the implications contain a dim hint of an archaic truth terrible in its reality. It is as if to say that the Theosophists have only a small part of the truth, and that their little knowledge is an extraordinarily dangerous thing. In fact, HPL's narrator says as much in our fourth quote (again, from "The Call of Cthulhu"): "Theosophists have guessed at the awesome grandeur of the cosmic cycle wherein our world and human race form transient incidents. They have hinted at strange survivals in terms which would freeze the blood if not masked by a bland optimism." There is, so to speak, indeed something at the end of the rainbow, only instead of a pot of gold, it is a bottomless pit. In their occultist optimism, Theosophists had postulated the ancient origin of humanity amid alien super-intelligences. So glorious an origin seemed to imply a bright destiny for the race. But Lovecraft's "cosmic futilitarianism" led him to repaint the picture in darker, pessimistic hues. As depicted in At the Mountains of Madness, the genesis of the human race was a breeding accident in the laboratories of the star-headed Old Ones. The resultant vision is one of absurdity. Lovecraft has represented precisely what fundamentalist "creationists" see as being at stake in their quixotic crusade against Darwinism: if man's origin was random, so is his meaning, and so will be his destiny |